Pertemuan 5

Perkembangan kuda telah dicatat dari awal melalui semua tahapan evolusi kepada bentuk modern. Hal ini, pada kenyataannya, salah satu bab yang paling lengkap dan terdokumentasi dengan baik sejarah paleontologi.
Fosil menemukan memberikan kita tidak hanya dengan informasi rinci tentang kuda itu sendiri tetapi juga dengan wawasan berharga migrasi ternak, dan bahkan bukti spekulasi tentang kondisi iklim yang bisa menghasut perilaku migrasi tersebut.

Ahli geologi percaya bahwa kuda pertama kali muncul di Bumi sekitar enam puluh juta tahun lalu dibandingkan dengan dua juta tahun yang lalu untuk munculnya manusia. Ada bukti kuda awal di kedua benua Amerika dan Eropa, tetapi telah didokumentasikan bahwa, hampir dua belas juta tahun yang lalu pada awal Zaman Pliosen, kuda sekitar tengah melalui pengembangan evolusioner menyeberangi jembatan tanah di mana Selat Bering sekarang terletak, dari Alaska ke padang rumput di Asia, dan melakukan perjalanan sepanjang jalan ke Eropa.
Ini kuda awal adalah sebuah Hipparion, seukuran kuda poni modern dengan tiga jari kaki dan gigi pipi khusus untuk merumput. Di Eropa, Hipparion ditemui kuda lain kurang maju disebut anchitheres, yang sebelumnya menyerang Eropa dengan rute yang sama, mungkin selama Periode Miosen. Kurang berkembang dan lebih kecil dari Hipparion, para anchittheres akhirnya benar-benar digantikan oleh itu.
Pada akhir Zaman Pleistosen baik anchitheres dan Hipparion telah punah di Amerika Utara, di mana mereka berasal, sebagai bukti fosil dengan jelas menunjukkan. Di Eropa, mereka berevolusi menjadi hewan yang lebih besar dan kuat yang sangat mirip dengan kuda seperti yang kita kenal sekarang.Selama bertahun-tahun, kuda itu mungkin diburu untuk makanan oleh suku-suku awal manusia. Kemudian kualitas kuda yang akan membuat seorang hamba yang baik dicatat - terutama
kekuatan dan kecepatan. Sudah waktunya untuk kuda yang akan dijinakkan, digunakan sebagai hewan rancangan pada fajar pertanian, dan dari ditunggangi sebagai kebutuhan untuk transportasi meningkat. Itu adalah keturunan kuda ini dijinakkan yang dibawa kembali ke Amerika oleh kolonis Eropa.

   The development of the horse has been recorded from the beginning through all of its evolutionary stages to the modern form. It is, in fact, one of the most complete and well-documented chapters of paleontological history. Fossil finds provide us not only with detailed information about the horse itself but also with valuable insights into the migration of herds, and even evidence for speculation about the climatic conditions that could have instigated such migratory behavior.

   According to the author, fossils are considered
      valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
      A.   they suggest how the climate may have been
     B.   they provide information about migration
      C.   they document the evolution of the horse
      D.  they maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene Age

  The word instigated in paragraph 1 could best be
      replaced by
      A. explained  B.  caused  C.  improved  D.  influenced

Geologists believe that the first horses appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago as compared with two million years ago for the appearance of human beings. There is evidence of early horses on both the American and European continents, but it has been documented that, almost twelve million

years ago at the beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its
evolutionary development crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is now located, from Alaska
Into the grasslands of Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe.

  What does the author mean by the statement Geologists
      believe that the first horses appeared on Earth about sixty
      million years ago as compared with two million years ago
      for the appearance of human beings?
      A. Horses appeared long before human beings according to  
           the theories of geologists.
      B. Both horses and human beings appeared several million years ago, if we believe    
           geologists.
      C.  The geological records for the appearance of horses
           and human beings are not very accurate.
      D. Horses and human beings cannot be compared by

There is evidence of early horses on both the American and European continents, but it has been
documented that, almost twelve million years ago at the beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its evolutionary development crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe.

    Which of the following conclusions may be made on
      the basis of information in the passage?

A.  The hipparions migrated to Europe to feed in developing grasslands.
B.    There are no fossil remains of either the
                  anchitheres or the hipparion.
C.    There were horses in North America when the first European colonists arrived.
D.   Very little is known about the evolution of the horse.

Less developed and smaller than the hipparion, the anchittheres was eventually completely replaced by it.
By the end of the Pleistocene Age both the anchitheres and the hipparion had become extinct in North America, where they had originated, as fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they evolve into the larger and stronger animal that is very similar to the horse as we know it today.

According to this passage, the hipparion were
A.  five-toed animals  
B.  not as highly develop as anchiteres
c.  larger than the anchiteres
D.  About the size of a small dog
The word it in paragraph 2 refer to
A.   anchiteres C.   Miocene Period B.   hipparion D.   Route

The word extinct in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A.   familiar   B.   widespread   C.  nonexistent  D.  tame

There is evidence of early horses on both the American and European continents, but it has been documented that, almost twelve million years ago at the beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its evolutionary development crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe.
By the end of the Pleistocene Age both the anchitheres and the hipparion had become extinct in North America, where they had originated, as fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they evolve into the larger and stronger animal that is very similar to the horse as we know it today. It can
be concluded from this passage that the

A.    Miocene Period was prior to the Pleistocene
 B.    Pleistocene Period was prior to the Miocene
C.    Pleistocene Period was prior to the Pliocene
D.    Pliocene Period was prior to Miocene


1. What is this passage mainly about?
A.  The evolution of the horse
B.  The migration of horses
C.  The modern-day pony
D.  The replacement of the anchitheres by the hipparion
2. According to the author, fossils are considered valuable for all of the following       reasons EXCEPT

A.  they suggest how the climate may have been
B.  they provide information about migration
C.  they document the evolution of the horse
D. they maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene Age

3. The word instigated in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A.   explained             C.  improved
B.   caused D.  influenced

4. What does the author mean by the statement Geologists believe that the first horses appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago as compared with two million years ago for the appearance of human beings?

A. Horses appeared long before human beings according to
                      the theories of geologists.
B. Both horses and human beings appeared several million years ago, if we              believe geologists.
C.  The geological records for the appearance of horses
           and human beings are not very accurate.
D. Horses and human beings cannot be compared by geologists because they.    appeared too long ago.

 5. Which of the following conclusions may be made on the basis of information in the passage?
A.The hipparions migrated to Europe to feed in developing
           grasslands.
B. There are no fossil remains of either the anchitheres  or the hipparion.
C. There were horses in North America when the first European colonists arrived.
D. Very little is known about the evolution of the horse.

6. According to this passage, the hipparion were
A.  five-toed animals  
B.  not as highly develop as anchiteres
C.  larger than the anchiteres
D.  About the size of a small dog

7. The word it in paragraph 2 refer to
A.   anchiteres C.   Miocene Period
B.   hipparion D.   Route

8. The word extinct in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A.   familiar   C.  nonexistent
B.   Widespread D.  tame

9. It can be concluded from this passage that the
A.  Miocene Period was prior to the Pleistocene
B.  Pleistocene Period was prior to the Miocene
C.  Pleistocene Period was prior to the Pliocene
D.  Pliocene Period was prior to Miocene